ABSTRACT
Abstract Development of insecticides resistance mainly hinge with managements techniques for the control of Jassid, Amrasca biguttutla biguttutla. Five insecticides were applied against field collected and laboratory rared jassid populations during the years of 2017 to 2019 to profile their resistance level against field population of jassid through leaf dip method. Very low resistance level was found in jassid against confidor whereas high level of resistance was observed by pyriproxyfen against other test insecticides. Gradual resistance was observed against diafenthiuron. It is concluded that for the management of Jassid repetition of same insecticide should be avoided. The use of confidor may be reduced to overcome resistance against Jassid.
Resumo Desenvolvimento da resistência a inseticidas principalmente em dobradiça com técnicas de manejo para o controle de jassid, Amrasca biguttutla biguttutla. Cinco inseticidas foram aplicados contra populações de jassídeos coletados em campo e em laboratório durante os anos de 2017 a 2019 para traçar o perfil de seu nível de resistência contra populações de jassídeos em campo através do método de imersão nas folhas. Nível de resistência muito baixo foi encontrado em jassid contra confidor, enquanto alto nível de resistência foi observado por piriproxifeno contra outros inseticidas de teste. Resistência gradual foi observada contra o diafenthiuron. Conclui-se que, para o manejo do jassid, a repetição do mesmo inseticida deve ser evitada. O uso de confidor pode ser reduzido para superar a resistência contra jassid.
Subject(s)
Animals , Hemiptera , Insecticides/pharmacology , Insecticide Resistance , LaboratoriesABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Larvae of Hydrotaea species are facultative predators of larvae of other fly species on poultry farms, chicken feces, pig, and decaying carcasses. The Neotropical species H. albuquerquei occurs together with M. domestica in these environments and might be useful in the biological control of the latter. To verify the predatory capacity of H. albuquerquei larvae on the larvae of M. domestica, we varied the size of the larvae and the densities of the predators and prey under controlled laboratory conditions. Adults were collected from a poultry farm for the experiment, and the larvae they produced were reared in the laboratory. The second and third instar larvae of H. albuquerquei, when at higher densities, suppressed populations of house fly larvae when the latter were smaller than the former. This means that the functional response increases gradually with an increase in prey population density and predator size. In these conditions, one H. albuquerquei larva consumes up to 29 M. domestica larvae at high prey densities and could reduce 100% of the house fly population under a 50% prey density. This study confirmed a pattern previously observed in other predatory larvae and our results have implications for the biological control and integrated pest management programs of M. domestica in poultry and swine farms.
ABSTRACT
Development of insecticides resistance mainly hinge with managements techniques for the control of Jassid, Amrasca biguttutla biguttutla. Five insecticides were applied against field collected and laboratory rared jassid populations during the years of 2017 to 2019 to profile their resistance level against field population of jassid through leaf dip method. Very low resistance level was found in jassid against confidor whereas high level of resistance was observed by pyriproxyfen against other test insecticides. Gradual resistance was observed against diafenthiuron. It is concluded that for the management of Jassid repetition of same insecticide should be avoided. The use of confidor may be reduced to overcome resistance against Jassid.
Desenvolvimento da resistência a inseticidas principalmente em dobradiça com técnicas de manejo para o controle de jassid, Amrasca biguttutla biguttutla. Cinco inseticidas foram aplicados contra populações de jassídeos coletados em campo e em laboratório durante os anos de 2017 a 2019 para traçar o perfil de seu nível de resistência contra populações de jassídeos em campo através do método de imersão nas folhas. Nível de resistência muito baixo foi encontrado em jassid contra confidor, enquanto alto nível de resistência foi observado por piriproxifeno contra outros inseticidas de teste. Resistência gradual foi observada contra o diafenthiuron. Conclui-se que, para o manejo do jassid, a repetição do mesmo inseticida deve ser evitada. O uso de confidor pode ser reduzido para superar a resistência contra jassid.
Subject(s)
Animals , Hemiptera , Insecticides , Insecticide ResistanceABSTRACT
Abstract Development of insecticides resistance mainly hinge with managements techniques for the control of Jassid, Amrasca biguttutla biguttutla. Five insecticides were applied against field collected and laboratory rared jassid populations during the years of 2017 to 2019 to profile their resistance level against field population of jassid through leaf dip method. Very low resistance level was found in jassid against confidor whereas high level of resistance was observed by pyriproxyfen against other test insecticides. Gradual resistance was observed against diafenthiuron. It is concluded that for the management of Jassid repetition of same insecticide should be avoided. The use of confidor may be reduced to overcome resistance against Jassid.
Resumo Desenvolvimento da resistência a inseticidas principalmente em dobradiça com técnicas de manejo para o controle de jassid, Amrasca biguttutla biguttutla. Cinco inseticidas foram aplicados contra populações de jassídeos coletados em campo e em laboratório durante os anos de 2017 a 2019 para traçar o perfil de seu nível de resistência contra populações de jassídeos em campo através do método de imersão nas folhas. Nível de resistência muito baixo foi encontrado em jassid contra confidor, enquanto alto nível de resistência foi observado por piriproxifeno contra outros inseticidas de teste. Resistência gradual foi observada contra o diafenthiuron. Conclui-se que, para o manejo do jassid, a repetição do mesmo inseticida deve ser evitada. O uso de confidor pode ser reduzido para superar a resistência contra jassid.
ABSTRACT
Oncideres females girdle tree branches of the Fabaceae family, interrupting the sap flow and turning the wood conditions ideal for their larvae development. The bark of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville, a species native to the Brazilian Cerrado, is widely used in the traditional medicine. The objectives were to report, for the first time, Oncideres saga (Dalman), using S. adstringens as a host and to describe the pattern of branch girdling and oviposition distribution by this insect on these branches. The diameter at the base and the length of the girdled branches were measured and the number of incisions made by the O. saga females to oviposit, per branch section (basal, median and apical), counted. The emerged specimens were counted and the diameter of the exit holes measured. The average diameter at the base of the girdled branches was 2.5 ± 0.16 cm and the length was 90.6 ± 4.6 cm. The average number of incisions per branch was 37.7 ± 2.7. Damage by O. saga can reduce the growth and cause losses on S. adstringens, a tree with great extractivism potential.
As fêmeas de Oncideres anelam galhos de árvores da família Fabaceae, interrompendo o fluxo de seiva, tornando a madeira ideal para o desenvolvimento de suas larvas. A casca de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville uma espécie nativa do cerrado brasileiro, é amplamente utilizada na medicina tradicional. Os objetivos foram relatar, pela primeira vez, Oncideres saga (Dalman), usando S. adstringens como hospedeiro e descrever o padrão dos galhos anelados e a distribuição das posturas desse inseto. O diâmetro na base e o comprimento dos galhos anelados foram medidos e o número de incisões feitas pelas fêmeas por seção do galho (basal, mediana e apical) quantificados. Os espécimes emergidos foram contados e o diâmetro dos orifícios de emergência medidos. O diâmetro médio, dos galhos anelados, na base foi de 2,58 ± 0,16 cm e o comprimento de 90,6 ± 4,6 cm. O número médio de posturas por galho foi 37,7 ± 2,7. Danos por O. saga podem reduzir o crescimento e causar perdas em S. adstringens, árvore com grande potencial extrativista.
Subject(s)
Female , Fabaceae , Brazil , Plant Extracts , Medicine, TraditionalABSTRACT
Oncideres females girdle tree branches of the Fabaceae family, interrupting the sap flow and turning the wood conditions ideal for their larvae development. The bark of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville, a species native to the Brazilian Cerrado, is widely used in the traditional medicine. The objectives were to report, for the first time, Oncideres saga (Dalman), using S. adstringens as a host and to describe the pattern of branch girdling and oviposition distribution by this insect on these branches. The diameter at the base and the length of the girdled branches were measured and the number of incisions made by the O. saga females to oviposit, per branch section (basal, median and apical), counted. The emerged specimens were counted and the diameter of the exit holes measured. The average diameter at the base of the girdled branches was 2.5 ± 0.16 cm and the length was 90.6 ± 4.6 cm. The average number of incisions per branch was 37.7 ± 2.7. Damage by O. saga can reduce the growth and cause losses on S. adstringens, a tree with great extractivism potential.
As fêmeas de Oncideres anelam galhos de árvores da família Fabaceae, interrompendo o fluxo de seiva, tornando a madeira ideal para o desenvolvimento de suas larvas. A casca de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville uma espécie nativa do cerrado brasileiro, é amplamente utilizada na medicina tradicional. Os objetivos foram relatar, pela primeira vez, Oncideres saga (Dalman), usando S. adstringens como hospedeiro e descrever o padrão dos galhos anelados e a distribuição das posturas desse inseto. O diâmetro na base e o comprimento dos galhos anelados foram medidos e o número de incisões feitas pelas fêmeas por seção do galho (basal, mediana e apical) quantificados. Os espécimes emergidos foram contados e o diâmetro dos orifícios de emergência medidos. O diâmetro médio, dos galhos anelados, na base foi de 2,58 ± 0,16 cm e o comprimento de 90,6 ± 4,6 cm. O número médio de posturas por galho foi 37,7 ± 2,7. Danos por O. saga podem reduzir o crescimento e causar perdas em S. adstringens, árvore com grande potencial extrativista.
Subject(s)
Animals , Coleoptera/growth & development , Stryphnodendron barbatimamABSTRACT
Abstract Oncideres females girdle tree branches of the Fabaceae family, interrupting the sap flow and turning the wood conditions ideal for their larvae development. The bark of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville, a species native to the Brazilian Cerrado, is widely used in the traditional medicine. The objectives were to report, for the first time, Oncideres saga (Dalman), using S. adstringens as a host and to describe the pattern of branch girdling and oviposition distribution by this insect on these branches. The diameter at the base and the length of the girdled branches were measured and the number of incisions made by the O. saga females to oviposit, per branch section (basal, median and apical), counted. The emerged specimens were counted and the diameter of the exit holes measured. The average diameter at the base of the girdled branches was 2.5 ± 0.16 cm and the length was 90.6 ± 4.6 cm. The average number of incisions per branch was 37.7 ± 2.7. Damage by O. saga can reduce the growth and cause losses on S. adstringens, a tree with great extractivism potential.,
Resumo As fêmeas de Oncideres anelam galhos de árvores da família Fabaceae, interrompendo o fluxo de seiva, tornando a madeira ideal para o desenvolvimento de suas larvas. A casca de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville uma espécie nativa do cerrado brasileiro, é amplamente utilizada na medicina tradicional. Os objetivos foram relatar, pela primeira vez, Oncideres saga (Dalman), usando S. adstringens como hospedeiro e descrever o padrão dos galhos anelados e a distribuição das posturas desse inseto. O diâmetro na base e o comprimento dos galhos anelados foram medidos e o número de incisões feitas pelas fêmeas por seção do galho (basal, mediana e apical) quantificados. Os espécimes emergidos foram contados e o diâmetro dos orifícios de emergência medidos. O diâmetro médio, dos galhos anelados, na base foi de 2,58 ± 0,16 cm e o comprimento de 90,6 ± 4,6 cm. O número médio de posturas por galho foi 37,7 ± 2,7. Danos por O. saga podem reduzir o crescimento e causar perdas em S. adstringens, árvore com grande potencial extrativista.
ABSTRACT
La pandemia covid-19 se ha configurado como el mayor evento de salud pública conocido por las actuales generaciones, y cuyos efectos han trascendido a los sectores social y económico, llevando a 100 (88-115) millones de personas a condiciones de pobreza, y profundizando el impacto en la población ya considerada vulnerable, revirtiendo los avances previos en materia de progreso económico del actual siglo. Gran parte de esas repercusiones se relacionan a la importante transformación en las costumbres e interacciones de la sociedad a consecuencia de esta crisis sanitaria, que a su vez modificaron la dinámica económica en pequeña y gran escala. El impacto de esta enfermedad ha alcanzado el empleo, ingreso y estabilidad de los trabajadores, forjando un deterioro del capital humano y de las capacidades productivas, desfavoreciendo en especial a las mujeres, que serán más pobres que los hombres para 2030. En estas condiciones, el objetivo de reducir la tasa absoluta mundial de pobreza por debajo del 3 % para el año 2030, adoptado por las Naciones en la firma de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (PNUD, 2021), se hará inalcanzable si no se adoptan medidas políticas rápidas, significativas y sustanciales(AU)
The covid-19 pandemic has become the largest public health event known to current generations, and whose effects have transcended the social and economic sectors, leading 100 (88-115) million people to conditions of poverty, and deepening the impact on the population already considered vulnerable, reversing previous advances in economic progress of the current century. A large part of these repercussions are related to the important transformation in the customs and interactions of society as a result of this health crisis, which in turn modified the economic dynamics on a small and large scale. The impact of this disease has reached the employment, income and stability of workers, forging a deterioration of human capital and productive capacities, especially disadvantaging women, who will be poorer than men by 2030. Under these conditions, the goal of reducing the global absolute poverty rate below 3% by 2030, adopted by the Nations at the signing of the Sustainable Development Goals (UNDP, 2021), will become unattainable without swift political action, significant and substantial(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Poverty/economics , Employment/economics , COVID-19/economics , Women , Public HealthABSTRACT
The objective of this work was to evaluate the topical, residual and agronomic effects of the insecticides Voliam Targo, Benevia, Lorsban 480 BR, Curbix 200 SC, Sperto, Verismo, Polytrin 400/40 CE, Curyom 550 EC, Polo 500 SC and Vertimec 18 EC in the control of the berry borer of coffee (H. hampei). The experimental design was completely randomized and four replicates were used in the trials. In the laboratory, a direct spray was sprayed on the insect (topical effect) and applied to the fruits of the coffee (residual contamination). In both experiments, each plot consisted of a Petri dish lined with filter paper, 10 fruits in the green stage and 10 adult females of the berry borer, originating from artificial breeding. Two field experiments were carried out at Campus Glória Experimental Farm. The first one was carried out with the objective of evaluating the residual effect of the insecticides on artificial infestation of the berry borer after applying the products to fruits at the beginning of maturation. The number of perforated fruits, dead females, number of eggs and larvae were evaluated in laboratory and field experiments. The second field experiment had as objective to evaluate the effectiveness in controlling the natural population of the berry borer. Two applications were performed with a 30-day interval, using a motorized turbocharger. The number of fruits bored in 50 fruits per plot and percentage of seeds bored in a sample of 250 seeds per replicate were evaluated. In the laboratory, all insecticides provided mortality higher than 80% in topical application and greater than 73% by residual contamination, except the insecticide Polo 500 SC, which provided a 55% mortality. In the field experiment with artificial infestation, all the insecticides differed from the control, maintaining residual control until 30 days after application and with mortality higher than 70%, reaching up to 100% of mortality. In the test with natural berry borer females infestation the insecticides differed from the control in all evaluated parameters, showed efficacy higher than 75% at 35 days after the second application. The insecticides Voliam Targo, Lorsban 480 BR, Curbix 200 SC, Sperto, Polytrin 400/40 CE and Verismo presented the best control results, being indicated for use in the management of the berry borer of coffee.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar em laboratório e em campo os efeitos tópicos, residuais e de eficiência agronômica dos inseticidas Voliam Targo, Benevia, Lorsban 480 BR, Curbix 200 SC, Sperto, Verismo, Polytrin 400/40 CE, Curyom 550 EC, Polo 500 SC e Vertimec 18 EC no controle da broca do café (H. hampei). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e quatro repetições foram utilizados nos ensaios. No laboratório foi feita uma pulverização direta sobre o inseto (efeito tópico) e uma aplicação nos frutos do café (contaminação residual). Em ambos os experimentos, cada parcela consistiu de uma placa Petri forrada com papel de filtro, 10 frutos no estágio verde e 10 fêmeas adultas da broca, originários de criação artificial. Dois experimentos de campo foram realizados na Fazenda Experimental Campus Glória. O primeiro foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito residual dos inseticidas em infestação artificial da broca após a aplicação dos produtos em frutos no início da maturação. Foram avaliados o número de frutos perfurados, fêmeas mortas, número de ovos e larvas nos experimentos de laboratório e campo. O segundo experimento de campo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia no controle da população natural da broca. Foram realizadas duas aplicações com intervalo de 30 dias, utilizando-se um turbo pulverizador motorizado. Foram avaliados o número de frutos perfurados em 50 frutos por parcela e porcentagem de sementes brocadas em uma amostra de 250 sementes por repetição. No laboratório, todos os inseticidas proporcionaram mortalidade superior a 80% em aplicação tópica e maior de 73% por contaminação residual, exceto o inseticida Polo 500 SC, que proporcionou 55% de mortalidade. No experimento de campo com infestação artificial, todos os inseticidas diferiram da testemunha, mantendo o controle residual até 30 dias após a aplicação e com mortalidade superior a 70%, chegando a até 100% de mortalidade. No teste com infestação natural da broca os inseticidas diferiram da testemunha em todos os parâmetros avaliados, mostraram eficácia superior a 75% aos 35 dias após a segunda aplicação. Os inseticidas Voliam Targo, Lorsban 480 BR, Curbix 200 SC, Sperto, Polytrin 400/40 CE e Verismo apresentaram os melhores resultados de controle, sendo indicados para uso no manejo da broca do café.
Subject(s)
Coleoptera , Farms , InsecticidesABSTRACT
The whole world is in a great danger due to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. In December 2019, the outbreak of COVID-19 took place in Wuhan, China and then rapidly spread all over the world. The current study provides potential expectations for the adverse impact of (COVID-19). The global infection affected globe on agricultural level such as agriculture, food supplies and animal production sectors. Till today, 29th April 2020, there is no vaccine available for treating novel coronavirus, consequently, the outbreak resulted in closing borders and reducing production following social distancing measures. This short communication illustrates the possible implications and expected outcomes of the outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) on agricultural, food security, integrated pest management (IPM), animal productivity; and it predicts, as well, the possible adverse impacts on the economy worldwide. Brazil has one of the most important tropical agriculture in the world, being a leader in soybean production in the world. This chain impacts others such as meat and eggs. The impact of COVID-19 will be positive, encouraging the country to consolidate its leadership in the world market, stimulating exports, the machinery, inputs and fertilizers market, as well as generating employment and income in the country.
O mundo inteiro está em grande perigo e conflitos diversos devido à nova pandemia de coronavírus (COVID-19). Em dezembro de 2019, o surto de COVID-19 ocorreu em Wuhan, China e depois se espalhou rapidamente por todo o mundo. O presente estudo fornece expectativas em potencial para o impacto adverso do (COVID-19). A infecção global afetou o mundo no nível agrícola, como os setores de suprimento de alimentos e produção animal. Não há vacina disponível para o tratamento de novos coronavírus, consequentemente, o surto resultou no fechamento de fronteiras e na redução da produção seguindo medidas de distanciamento social. Esta breve comunicação ilustra as possíveis implicações e resultados esperados do surto de coronavírus (COVID-19) na agricultura, segurança alimentar, manejo fitossanitário e produtividade animal. O Brasil tem uma das mais importantes Agriculturas tropicais do mundo. Sendo líder na produção de soja no globo terrestre. Essa cadeia impacta outras como as de carnes e ovos. O impacto da COVID-19 será positivo estimulando o País a consolidar sua liderança no mercado mundial, estimulando as exportações, mercado de máquinas, insumos e fertilizantes, bem como gerrar emprego e renda no País. Prevê também, os possíveis impactos adversos na economia em todo o mundo.
Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections , Agriculture , Food SupplyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The Brazilian Poplar Moth, Condylorrhiza vestigialis (Guenée), compromises the wood productivity of poplar trees (Populus sp.), mainly affecting the matchstick industry in southern Brazil. Considering the lack of information on rearing techniques for this insect, the objective of this study was to develop an artificial diet to rear C. vestigialis with biological characteristics similar to the wild insects. A properly diet will enable bio-ecological studies and biological control programs using the baculovirus Condylorrhiza vestigialis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (CvMNPV). To attain this objective, first, three artificial diets were tested. Only the diet based on corn, wheat germ and yeast as a protein source (Diet 3) was able to supply the nutritional requirements of the moth and support completion of its life cycle. In the second experiment, Diet 3 was compared to the natural diet of C. vestigialis. The artificial diet supported a viability of 81% of the eggs, while only 40% developed on the natural diet. Life-table data showed the same pattern: the net reproductive rate (Ro) of C. vestigialis reared on the artificial diet was 401.70, and on the natural diet was 151.22. The artificial diet is adequate for mass rearing of C. vestigialis, to support biological control programs using the baculovirus.
Subject(s)
Animals , Diet/methods , Lepidoptera/growth & development , Animal Feed , Time Factors , Reproducibility of Results , Analysis of Variance , Models, Animal , Entomology , Larva/growth & developmentABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Pesticides are considered the first line of defense for the control of pests and diseases. At least in the short and medium term, the use of pesticides will remain an important strategy for pest management, allowing growers to produce crops of sufficient quality at low costs. A broad approach known as Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines several different pest-control strategies, among which the combination of chemical and biological control stands out. It requires pesticides that achieve optimal control of target pests with minimal impact on the activity of biological control agents. Because of the dynamics of pest infestations, IPM routines are continuously adjusted by growers, requiring comprehensive information about pesticide effects on natural enemies. However, this information is not always available and often contradictory, which constrains the design of field recommendations. In this review, we focused on the importance of selective pesticides in IPM programs, and the effects of chemical pesticides on parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogenic fungi. We provided a detailed discussion of the challenges and constraints for research on pesticide effects on natural enemies, as well as for the resulting field recommendations.
RESUMO: Para o controle de pragas e doenças, os agrotóxicos são considerados a primeira linha de defesa. Pelo menos no curto e médio prazo, o seu uso continuará a ser uma estratégia importante de manejo, permitindo aos produtores produzir com baixo custo e boa qualidade. O manejo integrado de pragas (MIP) combina várias estratégias diferentes de controle de pragas. Entre elas, a associação do controle químico e biológico tem grande importância. Isto depende de agrotóxicos que tenham um ótimo controle das pragas alvo, com mínimo de impacto possível sobre a atividade dos agentes de controle biológico. Assim, devido à dinâmica de pragas, os produtores precisam de informações completas sobre os efeitos dos agrotóxicos sobre os inimigos naturais visando constantemente ajustar suas rotinas de MIP. No entanto, estas informações não estão sempre disponíveis, e quando encontradas, são muitas vezes contraditórias, o que prejudica as recomendações de campo. Nesta revisão, destacamos a importância de agrotóxicos seletivos em programas de MIP e seus efeitos sobre parasitoides, predadores e fungos entomopatogênicos. Ainda, discutiremos com mais detalhes os desafios e restrições para a pesquisa e recomendações de campo sobre seletividade de agrotóxicos.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) were developed to preserve the intellectual property of genetically modified crops (GM) and ensure the return of investments made by industry to obtain technology delivered through seeds. The aims of this review are to discuss the GURTs and analyze their possible applications in integrated management of agricultural pests. There are two classes of GURTs: T-GURTs (trait-based GURTs), wherein the generated seed are viable, but the next generation does not express the trait of agronomic interest, and V-GURT (variety-based GURTs), in which plants produce non viable seeds. However, beyond the seed protection purpose, the GURTs could have also other application to solve agronomic problems. One of the most important is the use of GURTs as a tool to restrict gene flow of GM traits to relative weeds. In addition, it is proposed the use of this technology in integrated weed management by preventing the GMs seed germination, which produces volunteer plants that compete with the crop of interest. Also, these volunteer plants may serve as alternative hosts for insects and pathogens in between crop seasons. The GURTs could contribute to the control of undesirable agents in agricultural systems, reducing the use of pesticides and increasing crop yields.
RESUMO: As tecnologias genéticas de restrição de uso (GURTs) foram idealizadas a fim de preservar a propriedade intelectual de culturas geneticamente modificadas (GMs) e garantir o retorno dos investimentos feitos pelas empresas para a obtenção de tecnologias transmitidas via sementes. Os objetivos dessa revisão são discutir as GURTs e analisar suas possíveis aplicações no manejo integrado de pragas agrícolas. Existem duas classes de GURTs: a T-GURT (trait-based GURT), na qual as sementes produzidas são viáveis, porém as plantas da geração seguinte não expressam o caractere de interesse agronômico, e a V-GURT (variety-based GURT), na qual as plantas produzem sementes inviáveis. Contudo, além do propósito da proteção das sementes, o uso de GURTs poderia também ter outras aplicações na resolução de problemas agronômicos. Um dos mais importantes é o uso das GURTs como ferramenta para impedir o fluxo de genes de culturas transgênicas para plantas daninhas coespecificas. Além disso, propõe-se o uso dessa tecnologia no manejo integrado de plantas daninhas, por meio da prevenção da germinação de sementes GMs, que geram plantas voluntárias que competem com a cultura de interesse. Além disso, essas plantas voluntárias podem servir como hospedeiros alternativos para insetos e patógenos nos períodos de entressafra. Dessa forma, as GURTs poderiam contribuir no controle de agentes indesejáveis em sistemas agrícolas, reduzindo a utilização de agrotóxicos e aumentando a produtividade dos cultivos.
ABSTRACT
Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus with high potential in controlling insect pests. In this study, we propose optimum cultural conditions and culture media for better growth of various B. bassiana strains. B. bassiana strains achieved their maximum growth during optimal incubation period of seven days. The optimum pH and temperature for maximal growth of B. bassiana strains was found to be 6-7 and 25-30ºC, respectively. All the tested carbon and nitrogen sources supported growth and development of the B. bassiana strains. Starch and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources supported maximum radial growth (2.13-3.00 cm) and conidiospore count in both solid state culture (2.66×107 conidia/mL) and liquid state culture (9.86×107 conidia/mL). Strain BbR2 was the fastest growing strain on almost all nutrient sources studied and possessed commendable growth rate and sporulation potential. Wheat bran (WB) and rice bran (RB) in the proportion of 3:1 supported maximum conidiospores yields (1.90×107 conidia/mL) for strain BbR2 in solid state fermentation conditions.
ABSTRACT
In the life cycle of insects, oviposition is an important phenomenon, and it is influenced by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors, especially in relation to suitable hosts for completion of their life-cycle. Oviposition deterrents which deter an insect from laying eggs are important in the management of insect pests. Proper understanding of these deterrents shall provide necessary insight into new vistas for Insect Pest Management. Chemicals from plants and insects play an important role in attracting phytophagous insects for selecting host for oviposition. Considerable research has been done on oviposition deterrents and their mode of actions. In the present review, we have consolidated the updated information on this important aspect of insect behavior.
ABSTRACT
Objective To prepare hot‐melt pressure sensitive adhesive (HMPSA) transdermal patches of progesterone and investigate the release characterization in vitro .Methods SIS HMPSA was used as matrix material ,modified Franz diffu‐sion cell and excised female rat skin were used as model ,the concentration of progesterone was determined by HPLC .The thickness of patch and penetration enhancers was screened out by permeation rate .Results 2% IPM was used to prepare pro‐gesterone HMPSA transdermal patch ,thickness was 300 μm ,the cumulative permeation curve was Q=6 .172 1 t-5 .457 7 (r=0 .998 8) .The cumulative releases of the patches in 24 h was 144 .17 μg/cm2 . The permeation rate was (6 .17 ± 0 .49)μg/(cm2 · h) .Conclusion The progesterone HMPSA transdermal patch had good transdermal release in vitro ,which would have good clinical application prospect .
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Trials were carried out in Paraúna, Goiás, Brazil, to evaluate the impact of whitefly on soybean yield. The experimental design was a randomized block, with four treatments and four replications (10m x 20m). The treatments were different levels of infestation, managed by applying insecticide at different timing; the control was kept free of insects by weekly insecticide spraying. The number of insects per leaflet was evaluated weekly, and at harvest the yield (kg ha-1) and the weight of 100 seeds (g) were recorded. The soybean was tolerant to whitefly, since only the treatment where nymphs per leaflet reached 136.31±26.60 (treatment without the use of insecticides) was sufficiently severe to cause yield loss. This loss was likely associated with the sooty mold, caused by the fungus Capnodium sp. that develops in the sugary secretion produced by the whitefly on the surface of plant leaves. Therefore, insecticides should only be sprayed when a whitefly infestation is sufficiently severe to trigger the growth of sooty mold. The relationship between insect number per leaf and the growth of sooty mold still needs to be determined for different soybean cultivars, as well as for different environmental conditions.
Experimentos foram conduzidos em Paraúna, Goiás, Brasil, avaliando o impacto da mosca-branca na produção de soja. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições (10m x 20m). Os tratamentos foram diferentes níveis de infestação, obtidos pela aplicação de inseticidas em diferentes momentos; a testemunha foi mantida livre do ataque da praga, aplicando-se inseticida semanalmente. O número de insetos por folíolo foi avaliado semanalmente e, na colheita, foi avaliada a produtividade (kg ha-1) e o peso de 100 sementes (g). A soja foi tolerante à mosca-branca, visto que apenas o tratamento em que as ninfas por folíolo atingiram a média de 136,31±26,60 (tratamento sem aplicação de inseticidas) foi severo o suficiente para causar perdas de produtividade. Essa perda foi provavelmente associada à formação de fumagina, causada pelo fungo Capnodium sp., que se desenvolve nas secreções açucaradas produzidas pela mosca-branca na superfície das folhas. Portanto, inseticidas precisam apenas ser aplicados quando a infestação de mosca-branca for severa o suficiente para propiciar a formação de fumagina. Entretanto, a relação entre o número de insetos por folíolo e a formação de fumagina ainda precisa ser determinada para diferentes cultivares, assim como para diferentes condições ambientais.
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The present study reports the purification of a lectin from Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott corms and evaluation of its anti-insect potential towards Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquilett). The lectin was found to be specific towards N-acetyl-D-lactosamine (LacNac), a disaccharide and asialofetuin, a desialylated serum glycoprotein in hemagglutination inhibition assay. Asialofetuin was used as a ligand to purify Colocasia esculenta agglutinin (CEA) by affinity chromatography. The purity of CEA was ascertained by the presence of a single band in reducing SDS-PAGE at pH 8.3. The affinity purified CEA was employed in artificial diet bioassay of second instar larvae (64-72 hr old) of the B. cucurbitae at concentrations ranging between 10-160 µg ml-1. The lectin significantly (p<0.01) decreased the percent pupation and emergence with respect to control. Effect on various enzymes was studied by employing LC50 (51.6 µg ml-1) CEA in the artificial diet bioassay of second instar larvae. All the enzymes tested namely esterases, phosphatases (acid and alkaline), superoxide dismutases, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase showed a significant (p<0.01, p<0.05) increase in their enzyme and specific activities. These results showed that CEA affected normal growth and development and presented stress to the larvae, activating their detoxification and anti-oxidant systems. Thus, the lectin seems to be a useful candidate for the control measures of B. cucurbitae under the integrated pest management (IPM) system.
ABSTRACT
No presente trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do silício e do inseticida dimetoato no comportamento de prova do pulgão-verde Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em plantas de trigo. Os tratamentos foram: 1) silício no solo, 2) silício no solo + foliar, 3) silício via foliar, 4) silício no solo + aplicação de inseticida, 5) silício no solo + foliar e aplicação de inseticida, 6) silício via foliar + aplicação de inseticida, 7) sem silício e aplicação de inseticida e 8) sem silício e sem aplicação de inseticida. Os dados foram comparados pela análise de variância multifatorial para cada um dos fatores separadamente. Os dados de porcentagem foram analisados pelo teste de quiquadrado. Não foi verificado interação do silício e dimetoato e, também, do efeito isolado do silício no comportamento de prova do pulgão. Entretanto, em plantas tratadas com dimetoato, uma maior porcentagem de insetos apresentaram fase xilemática e um menor número de pulgões alcançaram o floema. De maneira geral, a aplicação do dimetoato mudou o comportamento de prova do pulgão-verde.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of silicon and the insecticide dimetoate in the probing behavior of the greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in wheat plants. The treatments were: 1) silicon in soil, 2) silicon in the soil plus foliar spraying, 3) silicon foliar, 4) silicon soil plus insecticide, 5) silicon in soil plus foliar and insecticide, 6) foliar spraying of silicon and insecticide, 7) insecticide and 8) untreated. The data was compared by the multifactorial analysis of variance for each one of the factors separately. The percentage data was analyzed by the test of Chi-Square. It was not verified interaction of silicon and dimetoate and, also, of the isolated effect of silicon in the probing behavior of the greenbug. However, in plants treated with the dimetoate, a larger percentage of insects presented the xylem phase and lower number of aphids reached the phloem. In general, the application of dimetoate changed the probing behavior of the S. graminum.
Subject(s)
Aphids , Silicon , Triticum , Pest Control , Hemiptera , InsecticidesABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a capacidade de coleta de três métodos de amostragem de lagartas e de percevejos na cultura de soja. Para isso, em área de 6,16ha de soja, foi demarcado um gride de 154 pontos amostrais, espaçados de 20×20m. Em cada um desses 154 pontos, foram coletadas lagartas (pequenas, grandes e total) e percevejos (ninfas, adultos e total) (seis variáveis), por meio dos métodos de amostragem pano-de-batida, pano-de-batida largo e pano-de-batida vertical, em 14 estádios fenológicos da cultura de soja, totalizando 6.468 coletas. Para cada uma dessas seis variáveis, em cada um dos 14 estádios fenológicos e no geral (todos os estádios fenológicos), as médias dos três métodos de amostragem foram comparadas pelo teste t (bilateral) de Student para dados pareados, em nível de 5% de probabilidade. O número de lagartas coletadas por meio dos métodos de amostragem é decrescente na seguinte ordem: pano-de-batida vertical, pano-de-batida largo e pano-de-batida. O número de percevejos coletados por meio dos métodos de amostragem pano-de-batida vertical e pano-de-batida largo é superior ao pano-de-batida. O pano-de-batida vertical é o mais eficiente para a coleta de lagartas e de percevejos.
The aim of this study was to compare the collect capacity of three sampling methods for caterpillars and stink bugs in soybean. Therefore, in a 6.16ha soybean field, a grid of 154 sampling points spaced 20×20m was marked. In each of these 154 points were collected caterpillars (small, large and total) and stink bugs (nymphs, adults and total) (six variables) by the sampling methods beating cloth, wide beating cloth and vertical beat sheet, on 14 phenological stages of the soybean crop, totaling 6,468 samples. For each of these six variables, on each of the 14 phenological stages and overall (all phenological stages), the averages of the three sampling methods were compared by Student's t test (bilateral) for paired data, in a 5% probability level. The number of caterpillars collected by the sampling methods decreases in the following order: vertical beat sheet, wide beating cloth and beating cloth. The number of stink bugs collected by the sampling methods vertical beat sheet and wide beating cloth is higher than beating cloth. Vertical beat sheet is the most efficient to collect caterpillars and stink bugs.